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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Economic policy and national security</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Economic policy and national security</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Экономическая политика и национальная безопасность</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">3033-6554</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">120620</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Противодействие отмыванию доходов, коррупции и теневой экономике</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Countering money laundering, corruption, and the Shadow Economy</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Противодействие отмыванию доходов, коррупции и теневой экономике</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Virtual currencies in metaverses as a new method of money laundering</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Виртуальные валюты в метавселенных как новый способ отмывания доходов</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9802-7356</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Молодых</surname>
       <given-names>Владимир Анатольевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Molodyh</surname>
       <given-names>Vladimir Anatol'evich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>v.a.molodyh@yandex.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат экономических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of economic sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский университет МВД России</institution>
     <city>St Petersburg</city>
     <country>RU</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia</institution>
     <city>St Petersburg</city>
     <country>RU</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-30T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>04</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-30T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>30</day>
    <month>04</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>47</fpage>
   <lpage>57</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-14T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>14</day>
     <month>03</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-16T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>16</day>
     <month>04</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://epinb.ru/en/nauka/article/120620/view">https://epinb.ru/en/nauka/article/120620/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Введение. Метавселенная способствует созданию новых схем отмывания доходов, полученных преступным путем, поэтому стандартная трехэтапная модель ПОД/ФТ остается полезной как концепция, но слишком ограниченной, чтобы охватить все риски, связанные с виртуальными валютами. Современное устройство онлайн-пространства привело к появлению трех различных схем оборота виртуальных валют, из которых схема с двунаправленным потоком несет наибольший риск в сфере отмывания доходов. Цель статьи заключается в анализе специфики механизма отмывания доходов, полученных преступным путем, в метавселенных и разработке рекомендаций по минимизации рисков, связанных с оборотом виртуальных валют. Методология исследования основана на концепции, предложенной группой разработки финансовых мер борьбы с отмыванием денег (Financial Action Task Force (FATF)), которая определяет виртуальные активы. Результаты. Основными факторами высокого риска в метавселенных являются: возможность получения преференций; возможность осуществления международных сделок; наличие потенциально нерегулируемого рынка. В связи с этим требуется внесение изменений в законодательство, учитывающих, что фаза ОД/ФТ «интеграция в легальную экономику» включает конвертацию криптовалюты в виртуальные активы. Целесообразно предложить следующую модель регулирования для метавселенных, включающую следующие элементы: риск-ориентированный ПОД/ФТ-контроль по стандартам FATF; защита инвесторов и рыночной добросовестности в соответствии с требованиями Международной организации комиссий по ценным бумагам; пределы финансовой стабильности и трансграничной согласованности, установленные Центральным банком Российской Федерации; полное раскрытие информации и соблюдение организационных требований в рамках KYC.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Introduction. The metaverse facilitates the creation of new schemes for laundering criminally gained income. Therefore, the standard three-stage anti-money laundering/counter-terrorism financing (AML/CTF) model remains useful as a concept, but overly limited to cover all risks associated with virtual currencies. The current configuration of the online environment has led to the emergence of three distinct virtual currency circulation schemes. The two-way flow scheme poses the greatest risk in the area of money laundering. The research aims at analysing the specific mechanisms of money laundering in metaverses and developing recommendations for minimising the risks associated with virtual currency transactions. The research methodology is based on the concept proposed by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), the group responsible for developing financial measures to combat money laundering, in its definition of virtual assets. Results. The main high-risk factors in metaverses are: the possibility of gaining advantages (preferences); the possibility of conducting international transactions; and the existence of a potentially unregulated market. In this regard, legislative amendments are required to ensure that the money laundering and terrorist financing (ML/FT) phase of ‘integration into the legal economy’ includes the conversion of cryptocurrency into virtual assets. It is reasonable to propose a regulatory model for metaverses comprising the following elements: risk-based AML/CFT controls in accordance with FATF standards; investors’ protection and market integrity according to the requirements of the International Organisation of Securities Commissions; financial stability and cross-border coordination limits set by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; full information transparency and compliance with organisational requirements under KYC.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>виртуальные валюты</kwd>
    <kwd>отмывание доходов</kwd>
    <kwd>метавселенная</kwd>
    <kwd>криптовалюта</kwd>
    <kwd>риск-ориентированный контроль</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>virtual currencies</kwd>
    <kwd>money laundering</kwd>
    <kwd>metaverse</kwd>
    <kwd>cryptocurrency</kwd>
    <kwd>risk-based control</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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